Aperçu des sections

  • Généralités

    Accès restreint Disponible jusqu'à minuit le 23 March 2021

    • Afran n umendid, n usentel akked unemhal

      Accès restreint Disponible jusqu'à minuit le 23 March 2021

      Tazwert

      Leqdic ussnan, s umata, ur t-id-yeggar yiwen iman-is kan akka, d leqdic deg zemren ad ilin aṭas n wassaɣen d yimdanen-nniḍen, d yinagmayen-nniḍen. Tasarut n ubrid yelhan i usenfar-nni ara yexdem yiwen, d assaɣen yelhan d wid i as-yefka lḥal deg leqdic-nni. Almend n waya, wid ukkud ara d-yebnu unelmad asenfar-is, ilaq ad ten-id-yefren akken iwata: wi, d amendid akked unemhal.

      Afran n umendid

      Tazrawt n Master, niqal ad tt-yexdem unelmad iman-is. Maca, tkwal tettarra tmara i tdukli d unelmad-nniḍen ara yilin d amendid deg lxedma-nni.

      Amendid, d anelmad wis sin ukkud yezdi unelmad leqdic-is seg tazwara ar taggara, d win ukkud yeg unelmad tafada n usiweḍ n leqdic ar taggara-s, tafada ur yettxalaf ula d yuiwen seg-sen. Almend n waya, afran n umendid d ayen yesɛan azal nezzeh, d ayen ara d-yesseknen udem d ubrid ara yaɣ usenfar. Atenta kra n tfadiwin n ufran n umendid: 

      - yewwi-d ad ɛedlen aswir: ma ur ɛdilen aswir, wa ad yessaẓ leqdic, wi ad t-id-yettwexxir. Ilaq mi ara ttemcawaren, ad ttemsefhamen; 

      - yewwi-d ad sɛun yiwet n tikli deg lxedma ara xedmen: mačči wa ad yekkat ad yettɛedday, wa ad yettruẓ aqerruy-is; 

      - yewwi-d ad izmiren i sin i lxedma deg ugraw: ilaq ad ttemyawin, ur ttemḥasaben ara ɣef wayen ur neswi ara, ...

      - mačči ma yiwen d amedakel deg tudert n yal ass kan ad tizmireḍ ad tgeḍ leqdic ussnan yid-s: tikwal ɣas d imdukal, ur tseɛɛum yiwet n tikli deg lxedma; 

      - iswan-nsen deg lxedma ara xedmen, ilaq ad ɛedlen. 

      Acḥal n wid i iɛawden i useggas acku yennuɣ d umendid-is

      Afran n usentel

      Segmi tebdiḍ leqraya, d iselmad-ik i yettḥettimen fell-ak isental, ama deg yineskinen ama deg yikayaden, tefka-yak tegnit tikelt-a ad txedmeḍ ɣef usentel i ak-yehwan, ma tebɣiḍ. Asentel ara tferneḍ yewwi-d ad tesɛuḍ leḥrara ɣer ɣur-s, yewwi-d ad ak-yeɛǧeb. Ma ur ak-yeɛǧib usentel i teferneḍ deg tazwara, ur ttraǧu ad tennerni leḥmala-k ɣur-s kra ttekken wussan, ala uguren ara d-temmagreḍ.

      Asentel-ik, ad t-tferneḍ almend n: 

      - lweqt i tesɛiḍ. Tesɛiḍ 6 n wayyuren d lweqt, ur ttextiṛ asentel ara ak-yeṭṭfen aseggas. Ur ssimɣur lebɣi-k iwakken ur yettiwsiɛ usentel-ik. Asentel-ik, ad yili yemqet, yefra, iban, fessus. Ammud ɣef ara txedmeḍ, ad yili meẓẓiy iwakken ad as-tizmireḍ, maca yewwi-d ad iwalem asentel-ik daɣen. Ur kkat ad d-tefruḍ uguren icudden ɣer taɣult-nni deg tqeddceḍ meṛṛa, d taḥjurt-ik kan ara d-ternuḍ ɣer tid yellan yakan i ɣef ara d-rnunt teḥjurin n yinagmayen ara d-yasen deffir-k. Ur telliḍ d amezwaru, ur tettiliḍ d aneggaru ɣer usentel-nni tferneḍ! 

      - wallalen i tesɛiḍ. Tesɛiḍ ttawil ad txedmeḍ aglam i kra n tmeslayt n yiwen n lɛerc ur nelli inek, xdem-it; ma ur tesɛiḍ ara ttawil i waya, ur ggar iman-ik anda ara tweḥleḍ. Acku ɣer taggar, ma ur teffiɣeḍ ara, d kečč kan ay d ṭṭalem. Asentel-ik, ma yessawen, ur d ssebba s ara tesɛeddiḍ iman-ik! 

      - n tmusni-k deg taɣult-nni deg yella usentel. Yella yiwen yezmer i leqdic n unnar (tasnilesmettit), yella wayeḍ ur as-yezmir ara. Yella yiwen yeẓwer deg taɣult n tesnamka, wayeḍ uhu, ... Ur kkat ad d-tessekneḍ iman-ik tessneḍ! 

      Amdan-nni ara ak-yemlen iberdan deg wanect-a, d anemhal-ik.

      Afran n unemhal

      Deg tezrawt n Master, anemhal-ik d aselmad i tessneḍ ya, teẓriḍ tikli-is, teẓriḍ tamusni-is deg taɣult deg teɣɣareḍ.

      Anemhal-ik, d amesɣal-ik: d netta ara k-iwellhen, ara ak-yemlen iberdan yessufuɣen kra ara yekk useggas, ad k-iɛiwen deg lebni n tmukrist n tezrawt-ik, deg usebded n wammud ɣef ara tili tezrawt, d netta ara k-iwellhen deg ufran n yiɣbula i tezrawt-ik, ara ak-yemlen leslak mi ur t-tufiḍ.

      Tikwal, mi iɣill unelmad yefren anemhal i t-ilaqen, yaf-it ziɣen ur yesɛi ara lweqt ad d-yelhi yid-s. Ilaq ɣef unelmad ad yelmed tilelli, ad yizmir ad yenǧer abrid-is mebla lettkal ɣef unemhal. Iselmaden s umata, i bɣun ilin, sɛan iɣeblan-nniḍen bexlaf tazrawt n unelmad, sɛan yakan ahat tizrawin-nniḍen n Master neɣ n dduktuṛa ɣef llan d inemhalen. Lbeɛd ara yebɛed unemhal-ik akk akka, ur d-yewwi ara ad t-tḥesbeḍ d ugur: leqdic n tezrawt, d tagnit deg ara tlemdeḍ lettkal ɣef yiman-ik.

      Anemhal-ik ɣer ɣur-k, am ccix-nni n tenhert ɣer unelmad n tenhert: ma yefka-yak ṭṭumubil ad tt-tnehreḍ iman-ik, yettkel fell-ak; ma yeggar-d iman-is yal tikelt iwakken ad yesselḥu ṭṭumubil,  ur yettkil ara fell-ak. Ma yeggar-d iman-is yal tikelt, ur tettissineḍ tanhert. Anemhal deg tezrawt ula d netta, ma yeggar-d iman-is yal tikelt, ur tettizmireḍ ad txemmemmeḍ iman-ik, acku ur k-yettaǧǧa  ad txemmemmeḍ iman-ik. Ur d-yewwi ad agtent temliliyin akked unemhal-ik: 3 ar 5 n temliliyin deg useggas, la zzyada la nniqsan! 

      Deg wussan imenza n leqdic, tzemreḍ ad tessutreḍ lemɛawna ɣur unemhal-ik ma tesɛiḍ ugur, maca yewwi-d ad tizmireḍ ad tferruḍ uguren-ik iman-ik simmal ara tettaẓeḍ deg lxedma-k. Ur ttkal ɣef unemhal-ik ad ak-d-iɛiwed aselmed s wadda neɣ ad ak-d-yesseɣti tazrawt-ik awal s wawal.

    • Tagmi d tezrawt n Master

      Accès restreint Disponible jusqu'à minuit le 23 March 2021

      Asenfar n tagmi

      1. Asebded n usenfar n tagmi

      1.1. Tasenfart n tagmi d tezrawt

      Tasenfart n tagmi, d asurif amenzu deg tagmi, ur tettili tagmi s tidet mebla yes-s. Tasenfart n tagmi, d ayen yettemcabin ɣer uɣawas-nni ara d-iheyyi uɛewwaj n lebni ngum lebni. S uɣawas-nni ara yizmir ad iɛass iman-is di lxedma-s, ur yettxilif ur yesseɛwaj.

      Tazrawt, nettat, d asurif-nni aneggaru di leqdic n tagmi. d asissen n yigmaḍ n tagmi; deg umedya i d-nefka deg tseddart-nni tamezwarut, d lbenyan-nni ya s timmad-is. D ayen ɣer yessaweḍ usenfar-nni.

      1.2. Tagmi

      Tettlal-d tagmi seg lxilaf-nni yettilin gar wayen yellan d tilawt d wayen ɣer nebɣ ad nessiweḍ. Tagmi, d axemmem ɣef kra n wugur, d axemmem yettgen assaɣ gar tilawt d tmusni n umdan (ayen ɣer nebɣa ad nessiweḍ).

      Nezmer ad naf sin n leṣnaf n tagmi: tagmi tanaddayt[1] d tagmi tamayant[2].  

      Tagmi tanaddayt, d tagmi yettɛawaden tamuɣli si llsas i tussna deg yiwet n tallit. D tagmi yettawin ɣer teẓra d timaynutin. Deg unnar n tesnilest, nezmer ad d-nefk d amedya leqdic n Saussure ɣef tesnilest taɣessant, leqdic n Martinet ɣef tesnilest tawurant, … Iqeddicen yecban wi, ttalsen axemmem si llsas i tesnilest, i tutlayt s umata; kkaten ad d-ssegzin ilugan yesselḥuyen tutlayt d umeslay s umata ama deg tɣessa ama deg umezruy.

      Tagmi yecban ta, d ayen ibeɛden tudert d wuguren ttidiren yimdanen yal ass ; d tagmi yekkaten ad tessufeɣ iberdan i tudert s umata.

      Tagmi tamayant, nettat, s umata d aseqdec n yigmaḍ n tagmi tanaddayt i usegzi d tigzi n tlufa n yal ass. Deg unnar n tesnilest, deg llan yinelmaden n LVA, d aseqdec n kra n teẓri ɣer ssawḍen yinagmayen imeqqranen i tezrawt n tutlayt. Nezmer ad d-nefk amedya da ɣef wayen i yexdem Chaker deg tezrawt-is n dduktuṛa.

      Leqdicat i wimi ara kkren yinelmaden n Master LVA deg tezrawin-nsen, imukan-nsen, deg tagmi tamayant.  

      1.3. Iswan n tagmi

      D iswi n tagmi ara d-yemlen i unagmy d acu n wallalen ara t-iwalmen deg leqdic.

      1.3.1.      Iswi d aglam

      Da, d asissen ay d aferdis agejdan. D asissen n kra n taluft akken tella deg tilawt s telqey. Nezmer d amedya ad d-neglem kra n tmeslayt n kra n temnaḍt akken tettuseqdac deg yilsawen. Da, ur yesɛi azref unagmay ad d-yefk rray-is ɣef wayen yesla deg yilsawen n madden ma yelha neɣ uhu. Ccɣel-is, d aɛiwed n wayen yesla, n wayen iwala.

      1.3.2.      Iswi d asismel

      Iswi-ya, yettawi ɣer usebded n tsekka i kra n taluft yellan deg tutlayt. Nezmer ad d-nefk d amedya da ɣef leqdic yexdem Yahiaoui deg tezrawt-is n nnig turagt ɣef tenfaliyin tukrifin deg teqbaylit: yewt ad yebḍu tinfaliyin yellan deg teqbaylit d leṣnaf almend n kra n yisefran am tɣessa, amawal akked ukarif.

      1.3.3.      Iswi d asegzi

      D ayen ibanen, deffir uglam d usismel, d asegzi (asefhem). S uglam n tenfaliyin deg unamek, deg talɣa d tseddast ay nezmer ad d-nessefhem ssebba n usrusu n kra deg-sen deg tsekka-ya, kra-nniḍen deg tsekka-ihin.

      S uglam n tuddsa n tmetti tamaziɣt, s umata, i nezmer ad d-nessefhem amek armi tedder tmeslayin n Yimaziɣen s timawt ar ass-a.

      1.3.4.      Iswi d tigzi

      Tizrawin yekkaten ad ssiwḍent s iwi-ya, d tizrawin deg yekkat unagmay ad yefhem amek iga, d amedya, uxemmem n yimdanen yettmeslayen s taɛrabt deg Lezzayer ɣef uselmed n tmaziɣt deg Lezzayer. D tizrawin yekkaten ad d-awint timuɣliwin n yimdanen ɣef kra n taluft; d ayen i nezmer ad naf ula deg tsertit mi d-ḥedṛent tefranin n usebded n uselway n tmurt.

      1.3.5.      Iswi d aserwes

      Iswi da, d asemqabel n snat n tmeslayin, d amedya, iwakken ad nefhem yerna ad d-nessefhem ayen deg ttemcabint d wayen deg mgaradent. Nezmer ad nefk da tazrawt n n nnig turagt n Aissou, n Nahali i yemmugen ɣef userwes gar snat n tmeslayin.

      Taggrayt

      Iswan-a, ɣas newt ad d-nessefhem yal wa iman-is, ttemyekcamen deg tezrawt ara yexdem unelmad. Yezmer unelmad ad d-yaf iman-is deg sin, kra n yiswan, …


      [1] Recherche fondamentale

      [2] Recherche appliquée

    • Tarrayt n usebded n tezrawt n Master

      Accès restreint Disponible jusqu'à minuit le 23 March 2021

      Tasdawit n Bgayet

      Tamezdeyt n Tsekliwin d Tutlayin

      Tasga n Tutlayt d Yidles n tmaziɣt

       

       

       

       

      Azedine IDIR ; Mahdi YAHIAOUI ; Nacer MEHDI ;

      Md Ou Remtane IGHIT

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      Tarrayt n Usebded n Tezrawt

      n Master

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

       

      Aseggas asdawan : 2016-2017


       

       

      Azedine IDIR ; Mahdi YAHIAOUI ; Nacer MEHDI ;

      Md Ou Remtane IGHIT

      Talɣa tamatut n tezrawt

       

      Deg tezrawt, yewwi-d ad ilin yiferdisen-a :

      1. Sin n yisebtar-tumast : amezwaru ɣef lkaɣeḍ azuran, win deffir-s ɣef lkaɣeḍ adeqsi kan.
      2. Asnemmer akked ubuddu
      3. Agbur
      4. Tazwert tamatut akked yiferdise n tarrayt
      5. Aḥric neɣ iɣf amezwaru
      6. Aḥric neɣ iɣf wis sin
      7. Taggrayt tamatut
      8. Umuɣ n yidlisen
      9. Tijenṭaḍ


       

      Tazwert

       

      Tazwert, d awal n tazwara, d agzul ɣezzifen ɣef wayen ara yilin s telqey deg kra n tezrawt. D awal ara yemlen i yal imeɣri asentel, iswi n usentel, tixuṭert-is, … iwakken ad yel tikti, ɣas d tamatut, ɣef wadan n tezrawt uqbel ad tt-yazu, ad tt-ifurr.

      Azal i tla tezwert, s wazal-is. S wazal-is, acku deg-s ay yettili usissen n usentel, iswi-ines akked txuṭert-is, maca daɣen deg-s ay yettili uɣawas amezwaru ara d-yemlen lebni tezrawt, aɣawas ara yessifessen aseqdec n tezrawt i tebɣu tiɣzif.

      Tazwert, ɣas d tazwert, ɣas yewwi-d ad tt-naru seg tazwara, tikfin-is, ɣer taggara. Yeḍḥa-d waya yessefk acku, nenna-t-id yakan, tazwert yewwi-d ad tili d udem n tezrawt, mi tt-neɣra ad neḥsu ma ad aɣ-twalem tezrawt deg wayen i nqeddec neɣ ahat yewwi-d ad tt-nerr deg rrif ma d ayen i yeffɣen i wayen deg nqeddec.

      Imi tazwert d udem n tezrawt, yewwi-d ad d-yesken umarau deg wawal-is tazrawt ad d-tas deffir. Iwakken ad d-yesken tazrawt deffir, yewwi-d ad yeseqdec imyagen deg wurmir s tzelɣa ad, ur deg yizri am wakken i tella teggrayt. Taggrayt, nettat, teǧǧa-tt-id tezrawt ɣer deffir.

      Atna yiferdisen i d-yewwi ad ilin deg usenfar n tezrawt:

      1. Tazwert Tamatut

       

      I.1. Asissen n usentel

      Yewwi-d ad ilin deg-s yiferdisen-a : i. azwel n tezrawt ara d-yemlen asentel n leqdic ; ii. taɣult n tezrawt ; iii. Assisen n taɣult-nni deg teẓri (tabadut). Amezwaru, i usissen n usentel ya s timmad-is; id sin, i tigin n tilas i unnar n tussna i d-yelhan d tɣawsa-nni ɣef ara tili tezrawt.

      I.2. Iswi n usentel

      Yewwi-d ad nessemgired da iswi ɣef taggara n tezrawt. Amezwaru, yerza ayen ɣer nra ad nessiweḍ s tezrawt-nni ya s timmad-is. Nga tazrawt ɣef temsiselt n kra n tmeslayt, yewwi-d ad d-nessegzi dakken iswi n tezrawt d asekfel n tulmisin i tla tmeslayt-nni deg temsiselt, ur nelli deg tmeslayin-nniḍen. Taggara n tezrawt, deg-s netteqqen aqeddic i d-nga ɣer yiqeddicen-nniḍen i t-yecban d wayen d-rnan i tezrawin i yellan yakan deg unnar n tussna n tezrawt.

       

      I.3. Tamukrist

      Ur telli tmukrist d iseqsiyen neɣ d tuttriwin kan, am wakken i nettaf deg waṭas n tezrawin ; aṭas n yinagmayen imanunen, mi ten-netter ɣef tmukrist n tagmi-nsen, i d-yettarran s yiseqsiyen. Uhu! Tamukrist, tebna d isurifen, ideg asurif send aneggaru d tuttriwin.

      Iwakken ad nessiweḍ ad neḥsu s wayen ɣef ara nnadi deg kra n usentel, yewwi-d ad nger tiṭṭ ɣef wayen i yellan d tizrawin ɣef usentel-nni: ur nelli d imezwura ɣer usentel-nni ; akken i yebɣu yili, yella ya yiwen i iqedcen ɣef-s ngum nekni.

      Mi yemmed ugzul ɣef wayen i gan yimezwura, d uskan n wayen i ǧǧan deg tezrawin-nsen, ad nessebded tilas n tɣawsa n tezrawt-nneɣ deg wayen akken i yeqqimen. Da, yewwi-d ad yeḥsu unagmay d akemmel ara ikemmel i tezrawin i yellan yakan, ur d allus s wadda (siwa ma terra tmara). Daymi d-yewwi ad d-yefren taɣawsa n tezrawt seg wayen i yeggran, ur seg wayen i yellan ya.

      Da, nezmer ad d-nemmeslay ɣef tuttriwin. Mi yekfa unagmay asissen n tɣawsa n tezrawt, yezmer ad yessers tuttriwin ara t-yessiwḍen s iswi ɣef yebna deg tazwara. Amḍan n tuttriwin ɣef ara tebnu tezrawt, d iswi akked tɣawsa n tezrawt ara t-id-yemlen : akken i tezmer ad tili yiwet, i zemrent ad ilint semmus. Maca, yewwi-d ɣef unagmay ad d-yerr akk fell-asent deg taggara. Nnig waya, zemrent ad ilint snat n taggayin n tuttriwin : tigejdanin d tmazzayin (akken i yella usentel).

      Asurif aneggaru deg tmukrist, d turdiwin. I yal tuttra, yewwi-d ad tili turda. Turda, ur telli d tamuɣli n unagmay kan ɣef tɣawsa n tezrawt, d tamuɣli n unagmay s ubrid n tussna, n kra n teẓri, n kra n termit, ... Daymi tessefk tebdert n ubrid i yewwin ɣer kra n turda. Yezmer unagmay ad d-yaf snat n turdiwin ɣef yiwet n tuttra ; da, yewwi-d ɣer taggara ad yessidet unagmay agerrez neɣ tizzelgi n turdiwin i yessebded deg tazwara.

      Tamawt

               Deg kra n yisental, am uglam n kra n tmeslayt, zemrent ur ttilint tuttriwin d turdiwin. Taluft-a n tuttriwin d turdiwin, tettli s umata, deg tesnilest, deg yisental yezran tasnilesmettit s umata. Acku, tuttriwin d turdiwin, ttuseqdacent mi ssefkent kan, ur d aɣan!

      I.4. Taggara n tezrawt : ẓer iswi.

      I.5. Beṭṭu n tezrawt

      Tazrawt (adlis neɣ tigawt), i tebɣu tili, tzewwir-itt tezwert, tgerri s teggrayt. Nnig waya, tezmer tezrawt ad tebḍu d iɣfawen, tezmer daɣen ad tebḍu d iḥricen ara yebḍun s timmad-nsen d iɣfawen :

      1. Tbeṭṭu d iɣfawen kan mi meẓẓiyet. Da, iɣfawen-nni, yewwi-d ad ɛedlen s lewhi deg umḍan n yisebtar ma lan azal yiwen. Ma ur ɛdilen deg wazal, ur ttemsawin deg umḍan n yisebtar. Da, yewwi-d ad d-yefk unagmay timental i t-yewwin ad yefk azal i yiwen ugar n wayeḍ. Yal iɣf, ad yel tazwert d taggrayt.
      2. Tbeṭṭu d iḥricen (s umata sin) mi meqqret, mi ugten deg-s yiɣfawen. Da daɣen yessefk ad yesseɛdel unagmay iḥricen deg umḍan n yiɣfawen s lewhi. Deg yal aḥric, ttilin seg sin n yiɣfawen dasawen. Yal aḥric, ad yel daɣen tazwert d teggrayt.

       

       

      II. Iferdisen n tarrayt

      Iferdisen n tarrayt, deg tidet, deg tezrawin n ddukṭura, ttilin deg yiɣf n tesnarrayt i d-yettasen deffir yiɣf n teẓri deg yiwen n uḥric i wimi ttsemmin aḥric n teẓri d tesnarrayt. Da, deg tezrawt n Master, s umata, ur llin yiferdisen n tarrayt d iɣf acku ur telli tagmi lqayen ɣef tmental n ufran n tarrayt n tesleḍt d usegzi-ines s telqey. Daymi i as-neqqar kan iferdisen n tarrayt mačči d tussna n tarrayt (tasnarrayt).

      Deg tezrawt n Master, am deg tezrawt n turagt n zik, ttasen-d yiferdisen n tarrayt srid deffir tezwert tamatut. Iferdisen i yettilin da, ttbeddilen almend n usentel n tezrawt. Ɣas ayen-nni, Asissen n tarrayt n tesleḍt d tifferni-s, zgan ttilin deg tezrawin.

      1. Ma d tazrawt ara yilin ɣef uglam n tmeslayt, d amedya, yewwi-d ad d-yessefhem unagmay timental tussnanin n tifferni n tmeslayt-nni, yewwi-d ad d-yessissen tamnaḍt ideg tt-ttmeslayen medden. Yewwi-d ad d-yessissen tarrayt n tegmert n wammud d tmental n tifferni-s, imsulɣa iseg d-yugem ammud, ...
      2. Ma d tazrawt i yerzan, d amedya, aglam n wattalen n useqdec n wurmir war tazelɣa d wazalen-is, yewwi-d ad d-yessissen unagmay ammud (idlisen ideg llan yiḍrisen iɣef ara yeqdec) akked yimeskaren n yidlisen-nni, ...

       

       

      III. Taggrayt tamatut

      Taggrayt tamatut, ɣas deg-s iferdisen i tt-yessemcabayen ɣer tezwert tamatut, yella deg-s wayen ur nelli deg tezwert tamatut am wakken i yella wayen i yellan deg tezwert tamatut ur nelli (ur nettili) deg teggrayt tamatut. Ma tazwert tamatut, temmal-d ayen ara yilin deffir-s, taggrayt tamatut, nettat, teqqar-d ayen i yellan sdat-s. Deg wanect-a ay mgaraden kra n yiferdisen gar tezwert d teggrayt timatuyin.

      Deg teggrayt tamatut, i usmekti, nettales-d i yiswi n tezrawt d tuittriwin tigejdanin iɣef tebna, deg tazwara. Deffir-sen, d tarrayt n tezwert. Maca, i ilan azal da d igmaḍ n tezrawt : mi temmed tezrawt, am wakken i d-nessissin iswi n tezrawt deg tezwert ara d-nessissen igmaḍ iɣer tessaweḍ; nnig waya, d asidet n turdiwin i nessers deg tezwert almend n yigmaḍ.

      Taneggarut, deg teggrayt tamatut, imi ur telli tezrwat i yemmden, yewwi-d ad nesken tiwwura n tagmi : ayen i nezmer ad neg syen dasawen ɣef usentel-nni ya iwakken ad yennerni.

       

      IV. Umuɣ n yidlisen

      Deg wumuɣ n yidlisen, mačči deg udlismuɣ, i yettilin ala idlisen i nesseqdec i kra n tmusni, i yettunebdaren deg wammas n tezrawt. (I tarrayt n usissen n yidlisen-nni, wali tifadiwin n tira)

       

      V. Tijetad

      Nezmer ad naf deg tjenṭaḍ, almend n tezrawin, tifelwiyin, amawal, izenziɣen, tikaṛdiwin, tugniwin, ... Ayen akk i izemren ad ad yernu kra seg waggug i tezrawt, ur nuklal ad yili deg wammas-is.

       

      Tifadiwin n Tira

      1. 1.     Lqis n twerqet, d A4. /Lqis n leryuf n twerqet, 2,5

       

      1. 2.     Tira, ad tili s Times New Roman.

       

      1. 3.     Teɣzi n yisekkilen, 14.

       

      1. 4.     Gar yijerriden, 1us.

       

      1. 5.     Aḍris n tezrawt, ad yesgem seg yal tama

       

      1. 6.     Izwal

      Izwal, deg tezrawt, zemren ad awḍen ar semmus n yiswiren kan ; ur d-yewwi ad ilin yisekkilen n ugemmay. Deffir uswir aneggaru, d taseddart. Ata wakken i d-yewwi ad ilin :

      Aswir amezwaru : azwel ameqqran (agejdan), s umeqqran meẓẓiyen azuran s 16 deg teɣzi n usekkil ;

      Aswir wis sin : azwel ameẓẓyan, s udeqsi imseggem azuran, s 14 deg teɣzi n usekkil ;

      Aswir wis krad : azwel ameẓẓyan, s udeqsin amezlagu azuran, s 14 deg teɣzi n usekkil ;

      Aswir wis kuẓ : azwel ameẓẓyan, s udeqsi imseggem, s 14 deg teɣzi n usekkil ;

      Aswir wis semmus : azwel ameẓẓyan, s udeqsi amezlagu, s 14 deg teɣzi n usekkil.

       

      1. 7.     Ayen i yerzan tutlayt deg tezrawt s umata : tezmer, deg tezrawt, ad tili tutlayt s i d-nettmeslay, ad tili daɣen tin ɣef i d-nettmeslay. Da, yewwi-d usemgired gar-asent deg talɣa. Tamezwarut, ad taru s tira timseggemt ; taneggarut, s tmezlagut. Deg tefyirt, Uccen, d isem amalay asuf. nesseqdec awalen d, isem, amalay akked asuf iwakken ad yes-sen nemmeslay-d ɣef wawal uccen. Nesseqdec ihi awalen n teqbaylit iwakken ad yes-sen nemmeslay-d ɣef wawal-nniḍen n  teqbaylit.

       

      1. 8.     Tizmilin tineddiyin : ti, ttmagant i tamawin i ilan assaɣ s asentel maca ur uklalent amkan deg wammas n uḍris acku ur lint assaɣ srid s asentel ; zemrent daɣ ad deg-sent ilint tebdar n trumit, n taɛrabt neɣ n tneglizit  — n tutalyt tawerdant s umata — i ilan tasuɣelt deg wammas n uḍris. Tizmilin-a, yewwi-d ad mmagent s uselkim, ur s ufus.

       

       

      1. 9.     Iɣbula n teẓri

       

      9.1.         Iɣbula n teẓri deg wammas n uḍris n tezrawt : deg wammas n uḍris n tezrawt, ara yarun, d tanekwa n umaru kan. Ma llan sin n yimura i ilan tanekwa yiwet, lan idlisen neɣ imagraden deg yiwen n useggas, yewwi-d ad d-yernu usekkil amezwaru n yismawen-nsen sdat-sen ; asekkil-nni, ad yel tinqiḍt deffir-s acku d tiwwezli ay t-yuɣen.

      Ma d tabdert i d-yekkesen seg uḍris n tazwara neɣ d tikti kan, i wimi d-yewwi ad d-yettunebder uɣbalu ɣer taggara-s, aɣbalu-nni, da, ad yili gar tacciwin, taru deg-s tnekwa n umeskar, aseggas d usebter akka : (Chaker, 1989 : 774). Tikwal, ɣas tekkes-d tekti neɣ tebdert s timmedt, ma yewwi-d ad d-yettunebder umeskar seg tazwara, ad teddu tnekwa-s d uḍris n tezrawt, d aseggas d usebder kan ara yilin gar tacciwin, akka : ɣef yimeslayen n Bouamara (2004 : 157), « + tabdert. » Wi i iran telqey, yaẓ s umuɣ n yidlisen.

       

      9.2.         Iɣbula n teẓri deg wumuɣ n yidlisen :ay yettilin deg wumuɣ n yidlisen, ala wid i yettusqedcen deg tezrawt, iseg d-tekka tmusni. Aglam n yiɣbula deg wumuɣ n yidlisen, yessefk ad yebded ɣef yiwet n tarrayt. Idlisen, deg wumuɣ n yidlisen, yessefk ad bnun ɣef umyezwer n yisekkilen n tira n tnekwa n yal ameskar deg ugemmay. Ma nnig 20 n yiɣbula (idlisen) i yellan, yewwi-d ad bḍun d taggayin : i. idlisen ; ii. imagraden ; iii. isegzawalen ; …

       

      9.2.1.  Idlisen

      Tanekwa n umeskar s umeqqran meẓẓiyen azuran, Asekkil amezwaru n yisem-is s umeqqran azuran s tenqiḍt ɣer taggara-s (aseggas), Azwel n udlis s tira tamezlagut d umeqqran i usekkil amezwaru, tamdint neɣ tamurt n usiẓreg, tiẓrigin, amḍan n yisebtar i ila.

      — Bouamara, K. (2004), Si Lbachir Amellah (1861-1930) : un poète-chanteur célèbre de Kabylie, Béjaïa, Talantikit, 365 sb.

      9.2.2.  Imagraden

      Tanekwa n umeskar s umeqqran meẓẓiyen azuran, Asekkil amezwaru n yisem-is s umeqqran azuran s tenqiḍt ɣer taggara-s (aseggas), Azwel n umagrad gar tacciwin n wadda s tira timseggemt d umeqqran i usekkil amezwaru, isem n tesɣunt s tira tamezlagut d umeqqran i usekkil amezwaru (azwel n wuṭṭun-nni s tmezlagut gar tacciwin s umeqqran i usekkil amezwaru), uṭṭun n tesɣunt, amur-is, asebter n beddu d win n gerru n umagrad.

      — Feuillard, C. (2001), « Le fonctionnalisme d’André Martinet », La linguistique (Autour du fonctionnalisme d’André Martinet), Uṭ. 37, Am. 1, sb-sb. 5-20.

       

      9.2.3.  Tizrawin

      Tanekwa n umeskar s umeqqran meẓẓiyen azuran, Asekkil amezwaru n yisem-is s umeqqran azuran s tenqiḍt ɣer taggara-s (aseggas), Azwel n tezrawt s tira tamezlagut d umeqqran i usekkil amezwaru, Taggayt n tezrawt, Isem d tnekwa n unemhal (ddaw ufus n), Tasdawit, amḍan n yisebtar.

      — Mazaleyrat, H. (2010), Vers une approche linguistico-cognitive de la polysémie : représentation de la signification et construction du sens, Tazrawt n ddukṭura, Michel Chambreuil (ddaw ufus n), Tasdawit Blaise Pascal - Clerment II, 372 sb.

      Tamawt

      — Mi ara ilin sin n yimeskaren : Picoche, J. & Honest, M.-L.

      — Mi ara ilin nnig sin : Bouamara &wḍ

       

      1. 10.           Tibdar

      Tabdert, d awal n yiwen n umeskar deg udlis-is akken i yella. Tikwal, tettarra tmara i wallus n wayen i d-uran yimeskaren akken i t-id-uran, ur irennu ur iɣelli deg-s wawal.

      Ur d-yewwi usuget n tebdar deg wammas n uḍris, d awway n tektiwin d wawal n wiyaḍ war azref waya. Tabdert, yeṭṭafar-itt uwennet ara d-yemlen s umqat axemmem n umeskar deg-s. Tezmert tebdert ad tsemmed tabdert-iḍen. Maca, ur d-yewwi ad agtent deg wammas n uḍris n tezrawt.

      Deg wammas n uḍris n tezrawt, tibdar, deg tezrawt n Master, ttilint gar tuccar, tid n wadda : «   ». Ma, deg tebdert-nni yakan, yella wawal i yellan gar tuccar-a tineddiyin, ad yemmag gar tuccar tiniɣfin ‘‘  ’’ : « …………… ‘‘……’’……………….. »

      Deg wayen i yerzan iḍrisen i yuran s tutlayt tawerdant ɣef tin n tezrawt, deg wammas n tezrawt, yewwi-d ad d-yuɣal uḍris n tebdert ɣer tutlayt n tezrawt. Aḍris-nni amezwaru, ad yili deg tezmilin tineddiyin.

       

       

       

      Umuɣ n yidlisen

       

      Institut Royal de la Culture amazighe (2009), « Guide de rédaction de la revue Assinag », http://www.ircam.ma.

      Aktouf, O. (1987), Méthodologie des sciences sociales et approche qualitative des organisations, Montréal, PUQ, 213 sb.

       

      Tasdawit n Bgayet

      Tamezdeyt n Tsekliwin d Tutlayin

      Tasga n Tutlayt d Yidles n tmaziɣt

       

       

      Tazrawt n Master

      Taɣult : ……………………

       

       

      Asentel

      AZWEL N TEZRAWT

       

       

       

       

       

      T/Iheyya-tt-id Mass(a)

      Isem + TANEKWA

      Ddaw ufus n Mass(a)

      Isem + TANEKWA

       

       

       

       

       

       

      Aseggas asdawan : 2014-2015

    • Section 4

      • Section 5

        • Section 6

          • Section 7

            • Section 8

              • Section 9

                • Section 10