1. Tasnilesmetti teggar tamawt i umgirred n tutlayin i d-icudden ɣer uwtay, tuzuft d uswir inemtti…. (Les variables sociolinguistiques) Am wakken i d-telha d wayen akk i izemren ad ibeddel deg tutlayt. Tanga-ya tban-d deg yiseggasen 1960 s lmendad n kra n yimussnawen am William Labov, Gumperz, Fishman...

2. Tamɣiwant tutlayant : temmal-d agraw n yimsiwal i tezdi tegrumma n wadduden inmettiyen ɣef tutlayt 

3. Asmeksel utlayan : Asmeskel d tamiḍrant tagejdant iɣef tbedd tesnilesmetti, tella mgal tamuɣli taɣessant n tutlayin (Saussure) i d-yeqqaren yella yiwen n ubrid kan i nezmer ad d-nini ayen nebɣa. Asmeskel d tumant ideg i d-ttbanen yinbeddalen yettḥazen kra n tutlayt, inbaddalen i nezmer ad d-naf deg wakud, adeg akked tmetti.